The valence of the impurity atom that is to be added to germanium crystal so as to make it a $N$-type semiconductor, is
A$ 6$
B$ 5$
C$4$
D$3$
[MNR 1993; MP PET 1994; CBSE PMT 1999; AlIMS 2000]
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B$ 5$
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A $G e$ specimen is doped with $A l$. The concentration of acceptor atoms is $\sim 10^{-}$atoms $/ m$. Given that the intrinsic concentration of electron hole pairs is $\sim 10^{19} / m ^3$, the concentration of electrons in the specimen is
A source voltage of $8 V$ drives the diode in fig. through a currentlimiting resistor of $100 ohm$. Then the magnitude of the slope load line on the $V-I$ characteristics of the diode is